2008
The prize was divided equally, one half to:

HARALD ZUR HAUSEN for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

and the other half jointly to:

FRANCOISE BARRE SINOUSSI, and LUC MONTAGNIER for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
2007
The prize was awarded jointly to:

MARIO R. CAPECCHI, SIR MARTIN J. EVANS, and OLIVER SMITHIES for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells



2006
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ANDREW Z. FIRE, and CRAIG C. MELLO for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
2005
The prize was awarded jointly to:

BARRY J. MARSHALL, and J. ROBIN WARREN for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
2004
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RICHARD AXEL, and LINDA B BUCK for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
2003
The prize was awarded jointly to:

PAUL C. LAUTERBUR, and SIR PETER MANSFIELD for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging.
2002
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SYDNEY BRENNER, H. ROBERT HORVITZ and JOHN E. SULSTON for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.
2001
The prize was awarded jointly to:

LELAND H. HARTWELL, R. TIMOTHY HUNT and PAUL M. NURSE for their discoveries of "key regulators of the cell cycle."
2000

The prize was awarded jointly to:

ARVID CARLSSON, PAUL GREENGARD and ERIC KANDEL for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system.
1999
The prize was awarded to:

GÜNTER BLOBEL, for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.
1998
The prize was awarded jointly to:
ROBERT F. FURCHGOTT, LOUIS J. IGNARRO and FERID MURAD for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
1997
STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection
1996
The prize was awarded jointly to:
PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence.
1995
The prize was awarded jointly to:

EDWARD B. LEWIS, CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and ERIC F. WIESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development.
1994
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ALFRED G. GILMAN and MARTIN RODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.




1993
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RICHARD J. ROBERTS and PHILLIP A. SHARP for their independent discoveries of split genes.




1992
The prize was awarded jointly to:

EDMOND H. FISCHER and EDWIN G. KREBS for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism.




1991
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ERWIN NEHER and BERT SAKMANN for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.




1990
The prize was awarded jointly to:

JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease.




1989
The prize was awarded jointly to:

J. MICHAEL BISHOP and HAROLD E. VARMUS for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.




1988
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR JAMES W. BLACK , GERTRUDE B. ELION and GEORGE H. HITCHINGS for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.
1987
SUSUMU TONEGAWA for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity.
1986
The prize was awarded jointly to:

STANLEY COHEN and RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI for their discoveries of growth factors.
1985
The prize was awarded jointly to:

MICHAEL S. BROWN and JOSEPH L. GOLDSTEIN for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.




1984
The prize was awarded jointly to:

NIELS K. JERNE , GEORGES J.F. KÖHLER and CÉSAR MILSTEIN for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies.
1983
BARBARA MC CLINTOCK for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
1982
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SUNE K. BERGSTRÖM , BENGT I. SAMUELSSON and SIR JOHN R. VANE for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances.
1981
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

ROGER W. SPERRY for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres.
and the other half awarded jointly to:

DAVID H. HUBEL and TORSTEN N. WIESEL for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system.

1980
The prize was awarded jointly to:

BARUJ BENACERRAF , JEAN DAUSSET and GEORGE D. SNELL for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions.
1979
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ALAN M. CORMACK and SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD for the development of computer assisted tomography.




1978
The prize was awarded jointly to:

WERNER ARBER , DANIEL NATHANS and HAMILTON O. SMITH for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics.




1977
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded jointly to:

ROGER GUILLEMIN and ANDREW V. SCHALLY for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain

and the other half awarded to:

ROSALYN YALOW for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones.




1976
The prize was awarded jointly to:

BARUCH S. BLUMBERG and D. CARLETON GAJDUSEK for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases.




1975
The prize was awarded jointly to:

DAVID BALTIMORE , RENATO DULBECCO and HOWARD MARTIN TEMIN for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell.




1974
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ALBERT CLAUDE , CHRISTIAN DE DUVE and GEORGE E. PALADE for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell.




1973
The prize was awarded jointly to:

KARL VON FRISCH , KONRAD LORENZ and NIKOLAAS TINBERGEN for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns.




1972
The prize was awarded jointly to:

GERALD M. EDELMAN and RODNEY R. PORTER for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies.




1971
EARL W. JR. SUTHERLAND for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.




1970
The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR BERNARD KATZ , ULF VON EULER and JULIUS AXELROD for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation.




1969
The prize was awarded jointly to:

MAX DELBRÜCK , ALFRED D. HERSHEY and SALVADOR E. LURIA for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the gentic structure of viruses.




1968
The prize was awarded jointly to:

ROBERT W. HOLLEY , HAR GOBIND KHORANA and MARSHALL W. NIRENBERG for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.




1967
The prize was awarded jointly to:

RAGNAR GRANIT , HALDAN KEFFER HARTLINE and GEORGE WALD for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.




1966
The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

PEYTON ROUS for his discovery of tumorinducing viruses

and the other half to:

CHARLES BRENTON HUGGINS for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer.




1965
The prize was awarded jointly to:

FRANÇOIS JACOB , ANDRÉ LWOFF and JACOUES MONOD for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis.




1964
The prize was awarded jointly to:

KONRAD BLOCH and FEODOR LYNEN for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism.

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